为您找到与dont let us down相关的共3个结果:
肢体语言 (Body Language )又称身体语言,是指经由身体的各种动作,从而代替语言藉以达到表情达意的沟通目的。广义言之,肢体语言也包括前述之面部表情在内;狭义言之,肢体语言只包括身体与四肢所表达的意义。 谈到由肢体表达情绪时,我们自然会想到很多惯用动作的含义。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的语言文化论文:The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools。仅供大家参考!
Author:Zhnag Lei Supervisor: Dong Chunzhi
Foreign Language Department
Hankou Branch of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
【Thesis】:With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers are in great demand to organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with the limitation of students' vocabulary, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions and body movements. In this article, the possibility and the effect of using body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing will be further discussed.
【Key words】: English teaching in middle schools, body language
As everyone knows, the classroom teaching is one of the most important ways that the students learn English. As far as the English teaching in the middle schools is concerned, teachers have to arouse the students' interest so that they may learn better. There are many ways to arouse the students' interest and help them to learn better, body language used in English teaching is one of them.
Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language research, Fen. Lafle. Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn't have grown into a normal person". It's also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students' characters. For, teachers are usually respected, and factually, what or how the teachers say and do will be possibly imitated by the students (sometimes subconsciously). In a word, teachers' graceful body language helps to improve the students' artistic-appreciation and moral character. If the students develop a wonderful body language, which will possibly leads them to form an optimistic and active feelings, they will surely have a more smooth interpersonal relation.
The affection of teachers' body language on the students is reflected not only by establishing a good example, but also shortening the teacher-student estrangement by which a more harmonious studying atmosphere is created. As a matter of fact, teachers' friendly appearance can greatly encourage the students' studying enthusiasm. Furthermore, the characteristics of theoretic and abstraction of knowledge also requires the vivid, dramatic and an accessible gestures to make it specific and figurative. As a result, the students' interest is motivated and the effect of teaching is greatly improved.
English teaching is a key part of the school education. With the English teaching methods reform, more and more English teachers organize the teaching process in English so that they may realize the Communicated English. The Communicated English means that teachers instruct the students and explain questions basically in English, and the students are also required to use English in class. Contemporarily, however, the students in the middle school can't speak very well; neither can they understand why they should use different tones in different time or situation; their vocabulary and expressive ability are limited too. These limitations made it difficult to realize the Communicated English in the classes. According to the students' present level and practical situation, body language is required. For example, when a teacher gives an instruction: "You two, please come to the blackboard." The students can easily understand it if the teacher looks at (or points to) some two students.
Then, the teacher points to the blackboard. The students will carry out the order without obstacle even if they don't hear the key words "blackboard" clearly. Furthermore, teachers usually have to explain some language points, and at this time, they have to differentiate the classroom expressions and the examples. Take it for example, we ought to use the form 'have done' such as 'Have you finished that job jet?'" To make the students understand clearly, a teacher has lots of ways. To do it by speed, he uses a common speed when reading "we ought to use the form 'have done'", and reads slowly when giving examples; he can also get the effect by repeating the example 'Have you finished that job jet'; a more frequent way is to use gestures to lay emphasis on the key points when he said "have done"(emphasizing it in voice at the same time), he reaches out his index finger, pauses in the air, and then gives out the example. This action will usually give the students a deep impression. From the above we can learn, the use of body language in English teaching is necessary and practical. In the English teaching in middle schools, body language is frequently used to improve the teaching effect and the students' ability.
1. Body language helps to improve listening
The Greek philosopher Epictetus ever wittily said: "Nature has given man one tongue and two ears that he may hear twice as much as he speaks." From the saying we can learn how important the listening is in our daily life. To understand others is a basic purpose in English teaching, and teachers often train the students' listening accordingly. In this process, if the body language is used, the effect will be better. When beginning a new lesson, the teacher narrates the story outline in English. The body language may help. For example, a teacher can stretch his arms slowly when he says "She is in a very big room"; he can open his eyes widely with mouth opened when he says "She is so beautiful a lady". As a result, the students will have such an impression: She is very beautiful indeed; a teacher who imitates the crying or the movement of the animals under the premise of teaching order will surely achieve a better effect.
2. Body language helps to improve speaking
The spoken language is one of the important ways to communicate, so we should try to develop the students' ability of speaking. Factually they are helped to reach the aim in a certain degree by their teacher's body language.
The contemporary emphasis is gradually laid on spoken English teaching. The first lesson of every unit in Senior English begins with dialogue. The teaching programs require the teachers to organize the class to practice English according to the characteristics of dialogue. Generally speaking, the body language can arouse and sustain the students' interest of learning and using English. In the English class, the teachers should not only use body languages themselves, but also ask the students to use them according to the different situation. Take it for example, the first lesson in Unit one, Book one is about the time when the new students first meet, and they don't know each other. So a teacher can introduce himself first, such as: "Hello, everyone, nice to meet you here. Now I'll introduce myself to you. My name is Arthur. I like playing basketball, for, it makes me much stronger; I like playing chess, for, it makes me more clever; and I like reading books, for, 'reading makes one perfect'". During the introduction, the teacher should use the new vocabularies and sentence structures together with a vivid expression and mating gestures as possibly as he can. He smiles when he says hello to the class; he shakes hands with some students saying "Nice to meet you"; he writes name down on the blackboard; he imitates the action of dribbling and shooting at the basketball, playing chess and turning pages to explain his hobby. After his introduction, the teacher can create a circumstance for the students to practice: "Mary and Jack are new classmates. They are walking together in the street, and they meet one of Jack's old friends, Yangpei. Then Yangpei and Mary are introduced to each other by Jack." After the students' practice the dialogue is introduced naturally from it. Usually, the application of body language in different situations will result in an attracting and successful lesson.
3. Body language helps to improve reading
The purpose of Senior English teaching is to train the students' preliminary ability of using spoken and written English. In the senior school, we lay emphasis one the reading ability that serves the students' further study. Here we mainly mention the helpfulness for reading aloud(朗读). Reading aloud helps the students to get a correct pronunciation and intonation and to develop the combination of vocabularies' pronunciation, spelling and meaning. Furthermore it also helps the students to find out the article's internal feelings and appreciate the beauty of the language. A linguist ever said: "A poem is not a poem until it is read." Reading aloud is basic in the middle school, and the teachers should make full use of body language to develop the students' ability of reading aloud.
When reading the sentences, attention should be paid to where to speak softly, emphasize, and raise or lower our tone. To make it clear, we can imitate the strong or soft pats that are used in music teaching, which means to use the arcs to represent different tones. Generally speaking, we use falling tones in declarative and special interrogative sentence, first rising tones and then falling tones in the choosing interrogative sentence. The students in the middle school are not often accustomed to and always confuse them, however, with the help of body language, they can solve the problem much more easily. For example, they use gestures. As they read the choosing interrogative sentence, they raise their hands in rising tones and lower in falling tones. After training for some times, as soon as they read the sentences, they will remind themselves of the gestures. As a result, there will be no problems in rightly reading the sentences at all.
In a word, the vivid gesture together with the fluent English can create a good circumstance of learning, which will surely play an active part in improving the students' reading ability.
4. Body language helps to improve writing.
Writing is one of the four basic skills of learning language, and it is so important a skill that we can even say without it, people can't communicate with others. Not only should the students get some English knowledge and vocabularies, but also the ability to communicate in spoken and written English as what is mentioned in the teaching programs. To some extent, writing is much more important than speaking, for it can spread without the limitation of space and time. Since the students learn English as a media for communication, they should have the ability of writing.
To get rid of the students' feelings of being dull and tiring, an English teacher has to use every possible method. This is the same to the writing. Teachers use different method in order to improve the students' ability of writing, among which, the application of body language can deepen the object impression, such is magnificent in developing the students' writing ability.
The linguist Franklin ever said, "Tell me, I'll forget; teach me, I'll remember; involve me and I'll learn." If we asked the students to write an unfamiliar composition, they would probably be unable to and feel discouraged. However, the students can write excellent articles if they have the experience. In and out of class, we should ask the students to participate some English-related activities, and then ask them to write it down. Take "The First Snow in Winter" for example, having enjoyed themselves in the beautiful snowing and been given some hints, the students can write much better a composition. For contrast to their complete imagination, the students are deeply impressed by the body movement of the teachers and themselves, which surely leads to a better article.
Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished, during which the students should practice as much as possible. To exert the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. The use of body language can not only attract the students' attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding body language. In the end, the students' ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.
1. He Guangkeng, The Basis of English Teaching and Learning Methods, Ji Nan University Press, 1999
2. Shen Minxian, The Use of the Body Language in Elementary School, Shanghai Education Vol. 12, 1999
3. Gu Xueliang, The Basic Technical Training in English Teaching, Hangzhou University Press, 1998.
4. Hu Chundiao, The English Teaching and Learning Methods, Higher Education Press, 1990
5. Liu Yongfa, Liu Xuan'en, The Practical Body Language, Hua Wen Press, 1997
6. Wu Zongjie, Readings for Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching, Zhejiang Teachers' University, 1998
浏览量:4
下载量:0
时间:
办公自动化(Office Automation,简称OA)是将现代化办公和计算机网络功能结合起来的一种新型的办公方式。办公自动化没有统一的定义,凡是在传统的办公室中采用各种新技术、新机器、新设备从事办公业务,都属于办公自动化的领域。在行政机关中,大多把办公自动化叫做电子政务,企事业单位就都叫OA,即办公自动化。通过实现办公自动化,或者说实现数字化办公,可以优化现有的管理组织结构,调整管理体制,在提高效率的基础上,增加协同办公能力,强化决策的一致性,最后实现提高决策效能的目的。以下是今天读文网小编为大家精心准备的:基于Lotus Notes的企业办公自动化系统的研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读:
基于Lotus Notes的企业办公自动化系统的研究全文如下:
由于我国社会在近些年的迅猛发展与进步,使得企业办公设备也随之实现电子化、自动化以及无纸化。若要确保公司、企业以及集团间实现协同工作,并保证企业能够以最小代价换得最大经济效益,企业决策者一定要准确掌握办公设备等各领域信息。而由于近些年通讯技术与计算机技术的发展与完善,使得企业通过准确、快速、高效措施实现内部信息存储、收集以及加工处理工作[1]。到目前为止,办公自动化逐渐成为当今社会发展的必然之需,Lotus Notes为企业办公自动化的实现提供了科学、有效的软件支持。
在业界,Lotus Notes可以说是唯一构建于统一、开放结构之上,且具备企业级协作、通信、Intranet、工作流以及Internet Web等综合性应用功能的新型软件平台,可支持多领域应用是Lotus Notes的主要优势。
Lotus Notes本身为文档数据库管理系统范畴,所有应用在该软件平台中都可通过数据库方式呈现出来,数据库文档是Lotus Notes的实际处理对象。现阶段,Lotus Notes被称为全球最为先进、新型的群件产品,Lotus Notes集文档存储、通信处理、应用开发环境以及Web发布于一体,使其本身具有移动计算、安全管理、复制机制、Internet支持以及工作流等现代化技术特性,不仅可以提供Lotus Script 和公示语言两种开发方式,同时还能够支持Java、Java script等编程语言。在ADO、ODBC以及JDBC等相应的接口中,能够对相关数据进行访问。此外,Lotus Notes还能够提供大量具有多功能的数据库模板,通过这些模板,能够有效降低对相关应用程序进行开发的工作量[2]。
Lotus Notes的重要特性是可以跨操作系统平台,对网络结构与操作系统结构等都具有支持性作用,而且还可以屏蔽系统间所存在的不兼容性与复杂性,该软件平台本身的复制技术比较突出,主要包括移动复制、双向复制、字段级选择复制、高效复制以及后端复制等,确保企业信息交互性能的大幅度提升,使企业办公效率得以有效改善。
2.1系统安全
a.备份数据。在系统数据备份过程中,将所需数据具体时间选择提供出来,并提供有效的前台操作功能;b.系统使用安全。具体包括权限设置和身份验证;c.数据安全。支持磁盘阵列、联机备份、RAID容错及存储等相关处理方式,以便于恢复系统原有机制。
2.2访问方式
基于企业目前状态,尽可能降低企业设备投资率,所以对服务器/客户模式进行选用,而且客户机无法安装用户端软件,在计算机浏览器中就可以直接访问。
2.3功能与目的
对于一个企业来说,开发办公自动化软件系统的功能与目的主要是确保企业日常办公业务实现无纸化与网络化,同时实现企业公文的科学、有效处理。
现阶段,办公自动化系统应用Lotus Notes结构模型主要有两种,即:B/S结构、C/S结构。
3.1 B/S三层结构模型
由于Lotus Notes技术在近些年的迅猛发展,特别是以Web为平台的信息检查与发布技术,造成应用系统本身所具有的体系结构逐渐由C/S主从结构演变为多级分布式结构,这种演变过程的核心是Web技术,且为多级分布式结构范畴,即:B/S(浏览器/服务器)系统。
服务器与浏览器共同组成B/S模型应用系统,应用程序与数据都在服务器中放置,在服务器应用程序中,浏览器自身能够实现动态扩展,从根本上说,浏览器本身存在多层结构,能够动态扩展处理B/S系统所需的数据类型,而且在服务器中可以集中开发B/S模式的各类型的系统维护工作,不需要对客户端进行维护,而且具有一致的操作风格,凡是有浏览器的计算机用户,均能方便的使用[3]。B/S系统结构中,实现用户界面的途径主要是WWW浏览器,其中一些事物逻辑实现于前端,而多数事务逻辑均实现于服务器端。由此可见,B/S结构是通过浏览器技术,与浏览器Active技术与Script语言进行有效结合,以通用浏览器的方式,使原先较为复杂、繁琐的计算机专用软件本身的强大功能才能得以实现。图1为B/S模型图。
图1:B/S 模型示意图
3.2 C/S两层结构模型
所谓C/S系统结构或者模型,指的是由多个或者一个服务器、客户和下层通讯系统与操作系统所组成的可以分布式分析、计算以及表示的一种复合体系,该模型为两层结构模型范畴,可将应用系统具体分为服务器与客户机两种,很多应用软件在客户端广泛集中,由客户端对系统应用进行处理,由服务器端处理事务管理与数据访问等事务。图2为C/S模型图。
图2:C/S模型示意图
应用C/S模型机制的主要优势包括:由计算机完成数据库所有查询操作工作,所有用户都可以对高档服务器及时查询相关数据库的优势进行共享,服务器中数据库服务进程也可以确保数据一致性。所以,在一段时间内,C/S模型被广泛应用于办公自动化系统中。
3.3 OA模型
相关研究结果表明,OA用户群主要分为两类,其中一类被称为“近程用户”,组织局域网内为其工作地点,通过OA系统实施工组走,往往会实施较为繁琐的业务操作,具有比较强的交互性要求和较大信息处理流量;第二类则被称为“远程用户”,用户所需内容为信息录入与查询,和OA系统具有较弱的交互性要求,且具有比较小的信息流量[4]。 基于这种OA用户群分类,可OA系统模型定义为:B/S模型和C/S模型混合的综合型OA系统模型。A.B/S模型结构:这一结构主要确保“远程用户”办公需求得以实现,像:电子论坛、公告板以及信息发布等;b.C/S模型结构:这一结构主要确保“近程用户”办公之需得以实现,像:公文流转、协同办公以及个人办公等。
4.1数据库实施
具体实施数据库是依照设计阶段的关系模式,通过数据库系统所提供的语言对相关目标模式予以构建,实际上,目前很多数据库系统中均含有对目标模式进行构建的工具,以此为设计工作者创建实际视图、数据库以及索引等提供有效帮助。
Lotus Notes技术将具有强有力的一种开发工具提供出来,即:Domino Designer,有助于开发者对视图、数据库以及索引等进行创建,便于对已有结构进行修改。此外,通常数据库均构建有系统、有效的数据库模板,保证设计的调试与修改不会对原先数据进行修改,以此实现数据与设计两者的分离,进而使数据安全性与稳定性得以不断强化。
4.2程序设计及系统测试
4.2.1基于Lotus Notes的程序设计
系统功能得以实现的重要环节就是程序设计,该环节根据系统设计成果,通过计算机程序语言对系统功能进行表述。在实施程序设计时,一定不能忽视以下问题:a.程序可读性。对于程序运行速度与精炼程度不会过度追求,具体要求易读、清晰,并对注释予以大量使用,以便于日后系统维护工作[5]。b.可靠性。对于任何时期而言,系统可靠性均为对系统质量进行衡量的关键性指标,可靠性本身含义有多种:系统操作可靠性、程序运行可靠性、通讯可靠性以及数据存取可靠性等。根据计算机操作工作者水平,必须对数据录入和差错处理进行精心设计。C.柔性设计。尽可能独立划分模块。借鉴面向对象理念,把模块制作成能够随意组合的对象,便于日后系统的维护及扩展。
4.2.2系统测试
对于一个软件系统而言,系统测试是一项关键性工作。系统测试对确保系统运行可靠性与软件质量具有重要作用。系统测试方法主要有:分层次测试与分阶段测试,具体测试方法在不同阶段也有所不同,见图3。
图3:系统测试阶段
①.行为测试。一般被用在可操作、高级别操作、功能级别的配置文件上和客户说明书中出现的错误。②.结构测试。操作低级别配置文件中所出现的错误。③.现场测试。在系统前集聚专家、客户及相关开发人员,鼓励其尽可能避免系统发生故障。
总而言之,电子公文系统本身具有时效性强、易于存档、检索便利以及保密性良好等优点,便于相关管理人员与用户全面掌握及使用。在安徽省食品药品检验所中,这种公文流转系统被成功应用。本研究在办公自动化系统开发中对Lotus Notes的安全机制、协调运行、工作流、信息集成以及信息通信等技术进行充分利用,确保企业办公自动化系统中任务管理自动化与网络化得以实现,而且也实现了各系统间信息共享机制。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
远程遥控技术又称为遥控技术,是指实现对被控目标的遥远控制,在工业控制、航空航天、家电领域应用广泛。红外遥控是一种无线、非接触控制技术,具有抗干扰能力强,信息传输可靠,功耗低,成本低,易实现等显著优点,被诸多电子设备特别是家用电器广泛采用,并越来越多的应用到计算机系统中。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅谈基于stm32实现的红外遥控控制USB鼠标相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
加快嵌入式技术的开发应用,掌握嵌入式开发核心技术,对于未能赶上前几次世界范围计算机技术发展机遇的中国来说非常重要。基于STM32 实现的红外遥控控制USB 鼠标就是利用STM32 的中断系统将各模块相互连接。当STM32 捕获到信号时,向CUP 发送中断请求,然后响应该中断,对中断进行处理。STM32 通过识别捕获到的红外信号向PC 端通过USB 协议发送鼠标控制信号。
在STM32 中,外部中断可由每一个I/O 口进行外部事件的中断触发。在中断控制器支持的19 个外部中断事件中,只有线0 至15 对应外部I/O 的输入中断,线16 则连接到PVD 的输出,线17 连接到RTC 的闹事件,线18 连接到USB 的唤醒时事件。在主程序运行之前,需要先进行中断初始化,包括使能中断通道、中断优先级分组初始化、配置中断线。当有多个中断时,CUP 处理中断时严格按照中断优先级分组来决定处理哪个中断。中断优先级分为抢占优先级和子优先级,中断处理的顺序先有抢占优先级决定,当抢占优先级相同时,则由子优先级决定。
STM32 的通用定时器是一个通过可编程预分频器(PSC)驱动的16 位自动装载计数器(CNT)构成。在这次开发中,STM32 的通用定时器主要用于测量输入信号的脉冲长度即输入捕获。当输入捕获发生时将产生中断/DMA。当从独立通道中捕获到外界信号时,定时器将测量外界信号的周期、占空比来实现信号的识别。例如,在测量时,定时器设置为边沿触发,即定时器会计算信号上升沿和下降沿之间的时间差,其计算精度取决于定时器本身频率的精度。在测量方法中分为测频法和测周法,当被测信号频率大于中介频率时采用测频法,即在STM32 中采用测频法。
红外遥控是通过红外发射信号的过程,在遥控器上不同的按键所发射的信号是不同的,这样在接受端才能区别按键。红外是不能穿墙的,但红外遥控器也有无线电遥控器无法比拟的优点—在多个红外遥控器同时使用时,尽管采用相同的遥控频率或编码,但不会出现遥控信号“串门”的情况。
在一点在家电中运用非常广泛。在STM32 中,我们使用的红外遥控器编码方式为PWM(脉冲宽度调制)的NEC 协议。其特征为:8 位地址和8 位指令长度;地址和命令2 次传输(确保可靠性);PWM 脉冲位置调制,以发射红外载波的占空比代表“0”和“1”;载波频率为38Khz;位时间为1.125ms 或2.25ms。不同的逻辑和位码采用了不同时间间隔的红外高低脉冲。地址码和控制码等都采用8 位的数据格式,且用反码表示以增加传输的可靠性。
在主程序中,首先要完成STM32 的延时函数、中断分组设置、串口初始化、红外接受初始化、USB 配置及初始化,其次就是while循环部分,这部分是最核心、最主要的一部分。在while(1)的死循环中,首先对遥控器的按键进行监控扫描。遥控器上的每一个按键都对应一个独一无二的键值key。通过函数Remote_Scan()进行按键监控扫描,若没有检测到按键,则键值key 为假,若检测到遥控器有按键,则获取相应的键值并保存到key 中,并通过switch(key)对不同的key 进行不同的处理。对相应key 值的处理实际上就是准备要发送的控制鼠标的数据。
如何对相应的key 值经行数据处理呢,在这里,就要先了解它的发送数据的函数Joystick_Send(a,b,c,d)。参数a 是一个八位的数据,a 的不同位置1 分别代表鼠标中键按下、右键按下、左键按下、xy 坐标的变化量和变化符号(光标移动方向)等。参数b 表示x 坐标的变化量,这个变化量是相对上一次坐标的变化量。
参数c 表示y 坐标的变化量,同理为相对变化量。参数d 为滚轮的变化,可以控制滚轮的上下滚动和滚动速率。这里要介绍一下电脑的坐标系,电脑的坐标系不同于一般的直角坐标系。电脑坐标以屏幕左上角为原点,水平向右为x 轴正方向,竖直向下为y 轴正方向。了解了数据发送函数,就可以经行数据准备了。例如接受的键值key代表鼠标左键按下,则设置参数a 的相应位;若key 代表鼠标右移,则设置参数b 为相应整数;若key 代表鼠标滚轮上滚,则设置参数d。
理论上讲,这样的数据处理已经比较完美了,可在实际使用中会发现另外一个问题,就是鼠标移动灵敏度的问题。这时需要定义另外一个参数s 代表灵敏度,在发送坐标数据b 和c 时,改为发送b*s 和c*s,这样就可以相应地扩大或减小鼠标灵敏度了。当发送完数据后,需要将b、c、d 数据清0。以上的处理在检测到键值key 的情况下,当没有检测到键值的情况下,若之前有键按下,则需发送松开命令,即将a 置为0。
以上的整个过程都处在while(1)的死循环中,这样的话,当鼠标长时间没有移动的时候就会造成资源浪费。这里提供一个解决思路:当鼠标在一定时间内没有任何触发信号产生时,可认为此时之后的很长一段时间内都不会有信号产生,可将STM32 设置为休眠状态。当有触发信号产生时,可先用该触发信号将STM32从休眠状态唤醒,当程序正常执行时,再处理该信号(当然,也可以直接将该信号丢弃)。
基于STM32 实现的红外遥控控制USB 鼠标旨在研究嵌入式系统的原理及系统设计。在本次的开发中涉及到嵌入式特别重要的定时器、中断等概念,将书本知识运用于实际,注重基础知识,为以后嵌入式开发奠定良好基础。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间: